Motion : An object which changes its position with respect to a fixed point is said to be in motion.  Motion is a relative term : An object at rest with respect to one object may also be in motion with respect to another object.  Reference point : A fixed point with respect to which an object changes its position is known as a reference point.  Distance : The length of actual path between the initial position and the final position of a moving object or body is known as distance travelled by the particle.  Displacement : The shortest distance between the initial and final positions of a moving object or body in a direction from initial to the final position of the particle is known as displacement of the particle.  Units of distance and displacement : SI unit of distance and displacement is metre (m).  Distance travelled by a body is always positive.  Displacement of body may be positive, negative or zero.  Ratio of the magnitude of displacement and the distance is equal to less than 1.  Uniform Motion : The motion of a body is said to be uniform if (i) it moves along a straight line and (ii) it covers equal distance in equal intervals of time, how-so-ever, small these intervals may be.  Non-uniform motion : The motion of a body is said to be non-uniform if it covers unequal distance in equal intervals of time.  Speed : The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as the speed of the body.  Unit of speed : SI unit of speed is ms–1.  Uniform speed : If a moving body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, the speed of the body is uniform.  Non-Uniform speed : If a moving body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, the speed of the body is non-uniform.  Average speed : The total distance travelled by a body during non-uniform motion divided by the time taken to travel this distance is called average speed. i.e. Average speed =  Velocity : The displacement of the body per unit time is known as the velocity of the body.  Unit of velocity : SI unit of velocity is ms–1.  Uniform velocity : Velocity of a body is said to be uniform velocity if it covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time.  Non-uniform velocity : Velocity of a body is said to be non-uniform if it covers unequal displacement in equal intervals of time.  Speed is a scalar quantity, whereas velocity is a vector quantity.  Speed of a body is always positive.  Velocity of body can be positive as well as negative.  Acceleration : Acceleration of a body is defined as the change in velocity per unit time. i.e.  Positive acceleration : When the velocity of a body increases with time, acceleration of body is said to be positive acceleration. Or When the change in velocity (v) of a body takes place in the direction of the motion of the body, then the acceleration of the body positive.  Negative acceleration or retardation or deceleration : If the velocity of the body decreases with time, then acceleration of body is negative acceleration of retardation. Or When the change in velocity (v) of a body takes place in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the body, then the acceleration of the body is negative.  S.I. unit of acceleration is m/s2

Motion : An object which changes its position with respect to a fixed point is said to be in motion.  Motion is a relative term : An object at rest with respect to one object may also be in motion with respect to another object.  Reference point : A fixed point with respect to which an object changes its position is known as a reference point.  Distance : The length of actual path between the initial position and the final position of a moving object or body is known as distance travelled by the particle.  Displacement : The shortest distance between the initial and final positions of a moving object or body in a direction from initial to the final position of the particle is known as displacement of the particle.  Units of distance and displacement : SI unit of distance and displacement is metre (m).  Distance travelled by a body is always positive.  Displacement of body may be positive, negative or zero.  Ratio of the magnitude of displacement and the distance is equal to less than 1.  Uniform Motion : The motion of a body is said to be uniform if (i) it moves along a straight line and (ii) it covers equal distance in equal intervals of time, how-so-ever, small these intervals may be.  Non-uniform motion : The motion of a body is said to be non-uniform if it covers unequal distance in equal intervals of time.  Speed : The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as the speed of the body. That is  Unit of speed : SI unit of speed is ms–1.  Uniform speed : If a moving body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, the speed of the body is uniform.  Non-Uniform speed : If a moving body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, the speed of the body is non-uniform.  Average speed : The total distance travelled by a body during non-uniform motion divided by the time taken to travel this distance is called average speed. i.e. Average speed =  Velocity : The displacement of the body per unit time is known as the velocity of the body.  Unit of velocity : SI unit of velocity is ms–1.  Uniform velocity : Velocity of a body is said to be uniform velocity if it covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time.  Non-uniform velocity : Velocity of a body is said to be non-uniform if it covers unequal displacement in equal intervals of time.  Speed is a scalar quantity, whereas velocity is a vector quantity.  Speed of a body is always positive.  Velocity of body can be positive as well as negative.  Acceleration : Acceleration of a body is defined as the change in velocity per unit time. i.e.  Positive acceleration : When the velocity of a body increases with time, acceleration of body is said to be positive acceleration. Or When the change in velocity (v) of a body takes place in the direction of the motion of the body, then the acceleration of the body positive.  Negative acceleration or retardation or deceleration : If the velocity of the body decreases with time, then acceleration of body is negative acceleration of retardation. Or When the change in velocity (v) of a body takes place in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the body, then the acceleration of the body is negative.  S.I. unit of acceleration is m/s2

Motion : An object which changes its position with respect to a fixed point is said to be in motion.  Motion is a relative term : An object at rest with respect to one object may also be in motion with respect to another object.  Reference point : A fixed point with respect to which an object changes its position is known as a reference point.  Distance : The length of actual path between the initial position and the final position of a moving object or body is known as distance travelled by the particle.  Displacement : The shortest distance between the initial and final positions of a moving object or body in a direction from initial to the final position of the particle is known as displacement of the particle.  Units of distance and displacement : SI unit of distance and displacement is metre (m).  Distance travelled by a body is always positive.  Displacement of body may be positive, negative or zero.  Ratio of the magnitude of displacement and the distance is equal to less than 1.  Uniform Motion : The motion of a body is said to be uniform if (i) it moves along a straight line and (ii) it covers equal distance in equal intervals of time, how-so-ever, small these intervals may be.  Non-uniform motion : The motion of a body is said to be non-uniform if it covers unequal distance in equal intervals of time.  Speed : The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as the speed of the body. That is  Unit of speed : SI unit of speed is ms–1.  Uniform speed : If a moving body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, the speed of the body is uniform.  Non-Uniform speed : If a moving body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, the speed of the body is non-uniform.  Average speed : The total distance travelled by a body during non-uniform motion divided by the time taken to travel this distance is called average speed. i.e. Average speed =  Velocity : The displacement of the body per unit time is known as the velocity of the body.  Unit of velocity : SI unit of velocity is ms–1.  Uniform velocity : Velocity of a body is said to be uniform velocity if it covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time.  Non-uniform velocity : Velocity of a body is said to be non-uniform if it covers unequal displacement in equal intervals of time.  Speed is a scalar quantity, whereas velocity is a vector quantity.  Speed of a body is always positive.  Velocity of body can be positive as well as negative.  Acceleration : Acceleration of a body is defined as the change in velocity per unit time. i.e.  Positive acceleration : When the velocity of a body increases with time, acceleration of body is said to be positive acceleration. Or When the change in velocity (v) of a body takes place in the direction of the motion of the body, then the acceleration of the body positive.  Negative acceleration or retardation or deceleration : If the velocity of the body decreases with time, then acceleration of body is negative acceleration of retardation. Or When the change in velocity (v) of a body takes place in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the body, then the acceleration of the body is negative.  S.I. unit of acceleration is m/s2

Motion : An object which changes its position with respect to a fixed point is said to be in motion.  Motion is a relative term : An object at rest with respect to one object may also be in motion with respect to another object.  Reference point : A fixed point with respect to which an object changes its position is known as a reference point.  Distance : The length of actual path between the initial position and the final position of a moving object or body is known as distance travelled by the particle.  Displacement : The shortest distance between the initial and final positions of a moving object or body in a direction from initial to the final position of the particle is known as displacement of the particle.  Units of distance and displacement : SI unit of distance and displacement is metre (m).  Distance travelled by a body is always positive.  Displacement of body may be positive, negative or zero.  Ratio of the magnitude of displacement and the distance is equal to less than 1.  Uniform Motion : The motion of a body is said to be uniform if (i) it moves along a straight line and (ii) it covers equal distance in equal intervals of time, how-so-ever, small these intervals may be.  Non-uniform motion : The motion of a body is said to be non-uniform if it covers unequal distance in equal intervals of time.  Speed : The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as the speed of the body. That is  Unit of speed : SI unit of speed is ms–1.  Uniform speed : If a moving body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, the speed of the body is uniform.  Non-Uniform speed : If a moving body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, the speed of the body is non-uniform.  Average speed : The total distance travelled by a body during non-uniform motion divided by the time taken to travel this distance is called average speed. i.e. Average speed =  Velocity : The displacement of the body per unit time is known as the velocity of the body.  Unit of velocity : SI unit of velocity is ms–1.  Uniform velocity : Velocity of a body is said to be uniform velocity if it covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time.  Non-uniform velocity : Velocity of a body is said to be non-uniform if it covers unequal displacement in equal intervals of time.  Speed is a scalar quantity, whereas velocity is a vector quantity.  Speed of a body is always positive.  Velocity of body can be positive as well as negative.  Acceleration : Acceleration of a body is defined as the change in velocity per unit time. i.e.  Positive acceleration : When the velocity of a body increases with time, acceleration of body is said to be positive acceleration. Or When the change in velocity (v) of a body takes place in the direction of the motion of the body, then the acceleration of the body positive.  Negative acceleration or retardation or deceleration : If the velocity of the body decreases with time, then acceleration of body is negative acceleration of retardation. Or When the change in velocity (v) of a body takes place in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the body, then the acceleration of the body is negative.  S.I. unit of acceleration is m/s2

Motion : An object which changes its position with respect to a fixed point is said to be in motion.  Motion is a relative term : An object at rest with respect to one object may also be in motion with respect to another object.  Reference point : A fixed point with respect to which an object changes its position is known as a reference point.  Distance : The length of actual path between the initial position and the final position of a moving object or body is known as distance travelled by the particle.  Displacement : The shortest distance between the initial and final positions of a moving object or body in a direction from initial to the final position of the particle is known as displacement of the particle.  Units of distance and displacement : SI unit of distance and displacement is metre (m).  Distance travelled by a body is always positive.  Displacement of body may be positive, negative or zero.  Ratio of the magnitude of displacement and the distance is equal to less than 1.  Uniform Motion : The motion of a body is said to be uniform if (i) it moves along a straight line and (ii) it covers equal distance in equal intervals of time, how-so-ever, small these intervals may be.  Non-uniform motion : The motion of a body is said to be non-uniform if it covers unequal distance in equal intervals of time.  Speed : The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as the speed of the body. That is  Unit of speed : SI unit of speed is ms–1.  Uniform speed : If a moving body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, the speed of the body is uniform.  Non-Uniform speed : If a moving body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, the speed of the body is non-uniform.  Average speed : The total distance travelled by a body during non-uniform motion divided by the time taken to travel this distance is called average speed. i.e. Average speed =  Velocity : The displacement of the body per unit time is known as the velocity of the body.  Unit of velocity : SI unit of velocity is ms–1.  Uniform velocity : Velocity of a body is said to be uniform velocity if it covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time.  Non-uniform velocity : Velocity of a body is said to be non-uniform if it covers unequal displacement in equal intervals of time.  Speed is a scalar quantity, whereas velocity is a vector quantity.  Speed of a body is always positive.  Velocity of body can be positive as well as negative.  Acceleration : Acceleration of a body is defined as the change in velocity per unit time. i.e.  Positive acceleration : When the velocity of a body increases with time, acceleration of body is said to be positive acceleration. Or When the change in velocity (v) of a body takes place in the direction of the motion of the body, then the acceleration of the body positive.  Negative acceleration or retardation or deceleration : If the velocity of the body decreases with time, then acceleration of body is negative acceleration of retardation. Or When the change in velocity (v) of a body takes place in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the body, then the acceleration of the body is negative.  S.I. unit of acceleration is m/s2

Motion : An object which changes its position with respect to a fixed point is said to be in motion.  Motion is a relative term : An object at rest with respect to one object may also be in motion with respect to another object.  Reference point : A fixed point with respect to which an object changes its position is known as a reference point.  Distance : The length of actual path between the initial position and the final position of a moving object or body is known as distance travelled by the particle.  Displacement : The shortest distance between the initial and final positions of a moving object or body in a direction from initial to the final position of the particle is known as displacement of the particle.  Units of distance and displacement : SI unit of distance and displacement is metre (m).  Distance travelled by a body is always positive.  Displacement of body may be positive, negative or zero.  Ratio of the magnitude of displacement and the distance is equal to less than 1.  Uniform Motion : The motion of a body is said to be uniform if (i) it moves along a straight line and (ii) it covers equal distance in equal intervals of time, how-so-ever, small these intervals may be.  Non-uniform motion : The motion of a body is said to be non-uniform if it covers unequal distance in equal intervals of time.  Speed : The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as the speed of the body. That is  Unit of speed : SI unit of speed is ms–1.  Uniform speed : If a moving body covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, the speed of the body is uniform.  Non-Uniform speed : If a moving body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time, the speed of the body is non-uniform.  Average speed : The total distance travelled by a body during non-uniform motion divided by the time taken to travel this distance is called average speed. i.e. Average speed =  Velocity : The displacement of the body per unit time is known as the velocity of the body.  Unit of velocity : SI unit of velocity is ms–1.  Uniform velocity : Velocity of a body is said to be uniform velocity if it covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time.  Non-uniform velocity : Velocity of a body is said to be non-uniform if it covers unequal displacement in equal intervals of time.  Speed is a scalar quantity, whereas velocity is a vector quantity.  Speed of a body is always positive.  Velocity of body can be positive as well as negative.  Acceleration : Acceleration of a body is defined as the change in velocity per unit time. i.e.  Positive acceleration : When the velocity of a body increases with time, acceleration of body is said to be positive acceleration. Or When the change in velocity (v) of a body takes place in the direction of the motion of the body, then the acceleration of the body positive.  Negative acceleration or retardation or deceleration : If the velocity of the body decreases with time, then acceleration of body is negative acceleration of retardation. Or When the change in velocity (v) of a body takes place in a direction opposite to the direction of motion of the body, then the acceleration of the body is negative.  S.I. unit of acceleration is m/s2

Force and Laws of Motion This chapter explains the definition of force, its properties, characteristics, the various laws of motion with statements and explanations followed by examples, exercises, and solved problems for better understanding.

Force and Laws of Motion This chapter explains the definition of force, its properties, characteristics, the various laws of motion with statements and explanations followed by examples, exercises, and solved problems for better understanding.

Gravitation The universal law of gravitation, free fall, acceleration due to gravity, definition, and difference between mass and weight are explained here along with examples for deeper and thorough understanding.

Gravitation The universal law of gravitation, free fall, acceleration due to gravity, definition, and difference between mass and weight are explained here along with examples for deeper and thorough understanding.

Gravitation The universal law of gravitation, free fall, acceleration due to gravity, definition, and difference between mass and weight are explained here along with examples for deeper and thorough understanding.

The Fundamental Unit of Life Discovery of the cell, nucleus, cytoplasm, DNA, Chromosomes, Mitochondria, Plastids, chloroplast, reticulum, cell organelles, Golgi, apparatus, leucoplast, vacuoles, Unicellular and Multicellular organisms, etc are a few important topics covered in this chapter.

The Fundamental Unit of Life Discovery of the cell, nucleus, cytoplasm, DNA, Chromosomes, Mitochondria, Plastids, chloroplast, reticulum, cell organelles, Golgi, apparatus, leucoplast, vacuoles, Unicellular and Multicellular organisms, etc are a few important topics covered in this chapter.

The Fundamental Unit of Life Discovery of the cell, nucleus, cytoplasm, DNA, Chromosomes, Mitochondria, Plastids, chloroplast, reticulum, cell organelles, Golgi, apparatus, leucoplast, vacuoles, Unicellular and Multicellular organisms, etc are a few important topics covered in this chapter.

Tissues Starting with the definition of tissue, the two different types of tissues are explained in detail, they are: Plant Tissue Here the definition, importance of plant tissues are explained, along with the two types of plant tissues are discussed here. Meristematic tissues, Permanent tissues, are explained with examples here. Also, terms like Primary Meristems, Secondary Meristems, Apical Meristem, Lateral Meristem, Intercalary Meristem, Simple Permanent Tissue, Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma, Complex Permanent Tissue, Xylem, Phloem are discussed in detail. Also, tissue systems like Epidermal, Ground, Vascular tissue systems along with secondary growth in plants concept are explained here. Animal Tissue Definition, the importance of animal tissue along with various types like Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous tissue, Areolar, Adipose, Tendon tissues, Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac muscles are also explained here with examples and pictorial representation for better understanding.

Everything in this universe is made up of material which scientists have named “matter”. The air we breathe, the food we eat, stones, clouds, stars, plants and animals, even a small drop of water or a particle of sand — every thing is matter.

Everything in this universe is made up of material which scientists have named “matter”. The air we breathe, the food we eat, stones, clouds, stars, plants and animals, even a small drop of water or a particle of sand — every thing is matter.

Everything in this universe is made up of material which scientists have named “matter”. The air we breathe, the food we eat, stones, clouds, stars, plants and animals, even a small drop of water or a particle of sand — every thing is matter.

A pure substance consists of a single type of particles. In other words, a substance is a pure single form of matter. As we look around, we can see that most of the matter around us exist as mixtures of two or more pure components, for example, sea water, minerals, soil etc.

A pure substance consists of a single type of particles. In other words, a substance is a pure single form of matter. As we look around, we can see that most of the matter around us exist as mixtures of two or more pure components, for example, sea water, minerals, soil etc.

A pure substance consists of a single type of particles. In other words, a substance is a pure single form of matter. As we look around, we can see that most of the matter around us exist as mixtures of two or more pure components, for example, sea water, minerals, soil etc.

A pure substance consists of a single type of particles. In other words, a substance is a pure single form of matter. As we look around, we can see that most of the matter around us exist as mixtures of two or more pure components, for example, sea water, minerals, soil etc.