ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਰਾਹੀਂ ਵਾਕ ਜਾਂ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਦੇ ਅਰਥ ਦਾ ਗਿਆਨ ਹੋਵੇ ਉਸ ਨੂੰ ਅਰਥ ਬੋਧ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ ।ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਚਾਰ ਭਾਗਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੰਡਿਆ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ : 1.ਸਮਾਨਾਰਥਕ 2.ਬਹੁਅਰਥਕ 3.ਵਿਰੋਧਾਰਥਕ 4.ਬਹੁਤੇ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਦੀ ਥਾਂ ਇੱਕ ਸ਼ਬਦ

ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਦਾ ਆਧਾਰ ਛੋਟੀਆਂ ਵੱਡੀਆਂ ਆਵਾਜ਼ਾਂ ਹੁੰਦੀਆਂ ਹਨ ।ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਆਵਾਜ਼ਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਅੱਖਰਾਂ ਦੇ ਚਿੰਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਦਰਸਾਇਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ ।ਅੱਖਰਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਲਗਾ ਅਤੇ ਲਗਾਂਖਰਾਂ ਲਗਾ ਕੇ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਦੀ ਹੋਂਦ ਬਣਦੀ ਹੈ ।ਮੁੱਖ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਦੋ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਰ ਦੇ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ : 1.ਸਾਰਥਕ ਸ਼ਬਦ 2.ਨਿਰਾਰਥਕ ਸ਼ਬਦ

ਵਿਆਕਰਨ ਦਾ ਉਹ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਜਿਸ ਵਿਚ ਵਾਕ ਰਚਨਾ ਦੇ ਨਿਯਮਾਂ ਬਾਰੇ ਵਿਚਾਰ ਕੀਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ ਉਸ ਨੂੰ ਵਾਕ ਬੋਧ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ ।ਇਸ ਦੇ ਦੋ ਭਾਗ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ : 1. ਉਦੇਸ਼ 2.ਵਿਧੇਅ

ਵਿਆਕਰਨ ਦਾ ਉਹ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਜਿਸ ਵਿਚ ਵਾਕ ਰਚਨਾ ਦੇ ਨਿਯਮਾਂ ਬਾਰੇ ਵਿਚਾਰ ਕੀਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ ਉਸ ਨੂੰ ਵਾਕ ਬੋਧ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ ।ਇਸ ਦੇ ਦੋ ਭਾਗ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਹਨ : 1. ਉਦੇਸ਼ 2.ਵਿਧੇਅ

ਸ਼ਬਦ ਵਿਆਕਰਨ ਦਾ ਅੰਗ ਮੰਨੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ ।ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਦੇ ਆਧਾਰ ਤੇ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਵੰਡਦੇ ਹਾਂ । ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿਚ ਅੱਠ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀਆਂ ਹਨ : 1.ਨਾਂਵ 2.ਪੜ੍ਹਨਾਂਵ 3.ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਣ 4.ਕਿਰਿਆ ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਣ

ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਵਿਆਕਰਨ ਦਾ ਦੂਜਾ ਅੰਗ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ । ਇਹ ਧੁਨੀ ਬੋਧ ਅਤੇ ਵਾਕ ਬੋਧ ਵਿਚਲਾ ਹਿੱਸਾ ਹੈ ।ਜੋ ਧੁਨੀ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਡਾ ਅਤੇ ਵਾਕ ਤੋਂ ਛੋਟਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ।ਇਸ ਵਿਚਲੀਆਂ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਅਸੀਂ ਅੱਠ ਭਾਗਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਵੰਡਦੇ ਹਾਂ ।ਅਗਲੇ ਚਾਰ ਭਾਗ ਇਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਹਨ : 1.ਕਿਰਿਆ 2.ਸਬੰਧਕ 3.ਯੋਜਕ 4.ਵਿਸਮਿਕ

ਕਿਸੇ ਵੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਵਾਰਤਕ ਨਾਲੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਕਵਿਤਾ ਦਾ ਜਨਮ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ।ਕਵਿਤਾ ਨੂੰ ਲਿਖਣ ਲਈ ਕੁਝ ਨੇਮ ਤੇ ਅਤੇ ਨਿਯਮ ਬਣਾਏ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਹਨ ਜੋ ਇਸਦਾ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਤੱਤ ਹੋ ਨਿੱਬੜਦੇ ਹਨ ਅਤੇ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿਚ ਸੁਹਜ ਸੁਆਦ ਪੈਦਾ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ ।ਇਸ ਨਾਲ ਹੀ ਕਵਿਤਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਰਸ ਪੈਦਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਪਾਠਕ ਦੀ ਆਤਮਿਕ ਤ੍ਰਿਪਤੀ ਲਈ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ।

ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਅਧਿਆਪਨ ਦੀ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਸਿਧਾਂਤ ਦੇ ਸੰਕਲਪ ਦਾ ਮਤਲਬ ਹੈ ਆਯੋਜਨ ਅਤੇ ਸਿਖਲਾਈ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਦਿਅਕ ਕਾਰਜ ਕਰਵਾਉਣ ਦੇ ਢੰਗ ਦਾ ਸੰਚਿਤ ਗਿਆਨ। ਇਸ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ, ਵਿਦਿਅਕ ਤਕਨਾਲੋਜੀ ਨੂੰ ਇਸ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਦੱਸਿਆ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਅਜਿਹੀ ਸਿਖਲਾਈ ਦੀ ਕਿਸਮ, ਜੋ ਕਿ ਵਿਗਿਆਨਕ ਅਧਾਰਿਤ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਅਜਿਹੇ ਤਰੀਕੇ ਨਾਲ ਹੈ, ਕਿ ਜਿਸ ਨਾਲ ਅੰਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਨਤੀਜਾ ਅਸਲ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਦਾ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਦਿਆਰਥੀ ਦੀ ਸਿੱਖਿਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਖਾਸ ਉਦੇਸ਼ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਵਿਵਹਾਰਕ ਹੋਵੇ ।

In this lecture, we will learn the concept of Language and Thought. By watching this video, you will learn: Concept of Language and its features. Elements of Language: Phonology, Semantics, Grammar and Pragmatics. Factors affecting language development. Importance of language. Theories of language development: Language Acquisition and environmental Theories by BF Skinner. Nativist theory by Noam Chomsky. Stages of Language Development. Concept of Thought and Features of thought. Language and thought are independent. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Linguistic determinism and Linguistic relativity. Elements of Thoughts: Purpose, question at issue, Information, Interpretation and Inference, Concepts, Assumptions, implications and consequences and point of views.

In this lecture, we will learn gender issues in social construct. By watching this video, you will learn: Evolution of Gender as a social construct, Social Construction of Gender. Different types of Gender Roles, Gender Socialisation, Gender Stereotypes, Gender Discrimination. Gender Bias in Schools: Gender biases prevailing in Curriculum and Pedagogy and their effects. Gender Bias in Curriculum. Education as a method for reducing gender bias. How do we avoid Gender Stereotypes in school? Gender Responsive pedagogy.

In this lecture we will study the concept of Development and its relationship with learning. By watching this video, you will learn: The concept of Development and its features? Types of Development: Physical Development, Cognitive development, Social and Environmental Development, Language Development and Moral Development. Stages of Child Development: Stages of Infancy, Pre-schoolers, School age children and Adolescents. The concept of the Growth and difference between Growth and Development. The factors responsible for the growth and development of the students. The concept of learning and its relationship development.

In this lecture we will study the Principles of the Child Development. By watching this video, you will learn: The concept of the child development and the elements of the child development. The principal features of the pattern and process of growth and development and the principles of the child development. Concept of Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal Sequence of growth and development. The educational importance of the Principles of Child Development. The factors influencing the Child Development from the ongoing process of birth until reaching the adulthood: Internal factors as well as External factors.

In this lecture we will study the Influence of Heredity and Development on the learning process and behavioral tendencies of the child. By watching this video, you will learn: The concept of the Heredity. The principles of Heredity. The role of the heredity and the environment in the growth and development of the child. The physical traits and the mental traits responsible for the growth and development of the child. The laws of the heredity: Like produces like, only certain traits are transformed and convergence of the two lives. Effects of the Heredity on Physical Characteristics, Intelligence and Character. Importance or Significance of Heredity for education and in teaching-learning process. The concept of the environment and the effects of the environment on physical dissimilarities, superiority of races, personality, mental growth and multiple effects on growing children.

In this lecture we will learn the Socialization process and its role in the growth and development of the child. By watching this video, you will learn: Concept of socialization. Theories of Socialization: Looking Glass Self Theory by Charles Horton Cooley, Social Self Theory by George Herbert Mead, Ecological Systems Theory by Bronfenbrenner and Theory of Mind. Relationship between Socialization and Education of the child. Types of Socialization: Primary and Secondary. The factors affecting socialization consisting of Social Interaction, Identification and Language. Stages of the Socialization by Eric Erikson. Agents of Socialization. Role of Play in the Socialisation and the Historical aspects of Play in the Socialisation and social development of children.

In this lecture we will learn the Piaget theory of Cognitive Development, Kohlberg Theory of Moral Development and Vygotsky theory of Socio-Cultural Development. By watching this video, you will learn: Piaget’ Theory of Cognitive Development: Schemas; Stages of development: Assimilation, Accommodation and Equilibration or Disequilibration; Stages of Development: Sensori-Motor Stage, Pre-Operational Stage, Concrete operational Stage and Formal Operational Stage. Kohlberg’s theory of Moral development: Levels of Moral development: Pre-Conventional, Conventional and Post-Conventional; Six Stages of Development. Vygotsky’s theory of Socio-Cultural development: Concept of Zone of Proximal development, Private Speech and Make-Believe Play.

In this lecture we will learn the Child-centered Learning and its Characteristics and Progressive Education. By watching this video, you will learn: Concept of Child-Centered Learning and characteristics. Principles of Child-Centered Learning. Concept of Progressive Education and History. Theories of Progressive Education: Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau’s Theory of Progressive Education, Froebel and John Dewey’s Theory of Progressive Education. Importance of progressive Education. Characteristics and Types of Progressive Education: Humanistic, Constructivist and Montessori School. Differences between Traditional and Progressive Education.

In this lecture we will learn the Construct of Intelligence. By watching this video you will learn: Concept of Construct of Intelligence and its three basic functions: Learning, recognizing problems and Solving problems. Uni-Factory theory of Intelligence by Alfred Binet and Terman; Two-factory Theory of ‘g-general factor’ and ‘s-special intelligence’ by Charles Spearman. Seven Primary Mental Abilities Theory by Louis Thurstone. Three stratum Theory or Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence Theory by Raymond Cattell and John Horn.

In this lecture, we will learn the Multiple Intelligence Theory. By watching this video, you will learn: Multiple Intelligence Theory by Howard Gardner consisting of types of Intelligence. Robert Sternberg (Process Oriented Theory) (Triarchic Theory of Intelligence) Construct of Intelligence and Multi-Dimensional Intelligence: Thurstone Group Factor theory given by Psychologist Louis L Thurstone (Nine Primary Abilities). Guilford’s Tri-Dimensional Theory given by JP Guilford. Multiple Factor theory given by Edward Thorndike. Five Mental Abilities Theory given by George Kelly. Features of Intelligence. Measurement of Intelligence Tests: Stanford-Binet Intelligence test and Wechsler Intelligence test.

In this lecture, we will learn Individual Differences among the learners. By watching this video, you will learn: Meaning of individual learners. Types of Individual Differences: Inherited: Physical, Mental and Temperamental, Acquired: Social, Cultural, Educational and Emotional. Understanding differences: Diversity of language, culture, community and religion, Gender, Family, Emotion, Physical Differences, Attitude, Personality, Aptitude, Intelligence and acquisition of Core skills.

In this lecture, we will learn about Evaluation of Learning. By watching this video, you will learn: Concept of Evaluation, Assessment and Measurement Differences between the Evaluation and the Assessment. Methods of Evaluation: Norm referenced evaluation and Criterion referenced evaluation. Necessity of evaluation of education in schools. Types of assessment: Formative assessment and Summative Assessment. Difference between Assessment for Learning and Assessment of Learning and Assessment as Learning. Concept of School based assessment. Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation: Perspective of Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation, Scholastic and Co-scholastic domains and actual practice.

In this lecture, we will learn about the Evaluation of achievement and formation of questions. By watching this video, you will learn: Meaning of the achievement of the learner. Factors governing the achievement of learner: Bio-social, Affective and environmental. Evaluate achievement by aligning to learning outcomes. Concept of Diagnostic Tests: Qualities of diagnostic tests: Validity and Reliability. Validity: Content, Criterion and Construct. Reliability: Stability and Alternate form. Types of Assessment Tasks. Formulating Appropriate Questions. Assessing Readiness Levels of Learners: Readiness to Learn. What can be assessed: Readiness, Interest and Learning Profile. Enhancing Learning and Critical Thinking in the classroom. 6 Keys to Critical Thinking. Assessing the achievement of the learner.

In this lecture we will learn about Inclusive Education and addressing children from diverse backgrounds. By watching this video, you will learn: Concept of Inclusive education and history of inclusive education in India. Implications of Inclusive Education. Principles of Inclusive Education and purposes and need of inclusive education. Understanding the children with special needs. Learners from diverse backgrounds, Disadvantaged and Deprived Learners. Different types of methods of Inclusion: Improvement of pedagogy and improvement in language in instruction.

In this lecture, we will learn about Identifying and addressing disabled and learning disability children. By watching this video, you will learn: Meaning of disability and kinds of impairments. Methods of identifying and addressing disabled learners: Visually disabled, aurally disabled, physically disabled. Language and other learning disabled: Speaking, Listening, Reading, Writing, Language, Logical and mathematical Ability, motor abilities and intellectually disabled. Different degrees of intellectually disabled: mild, Moderate, severe and Profound. Addressing the intellectual disability.

In this video, we will learn about Identifying and Addressing the talented, creative and special abled children. By watching this video, you will learn: Introduction of specially abled children. Characteristics of Gifted and Talented learners: indicators of mathematical giftedness and indicators of scientific giftedness. Level of ability of gifted and talented children. Characteristics of creative learners: Suggested by educational psychologist EP Torrance: Fluency, Flexibility, originality and Elaboration. Considerations in identification of gifted, talented and creative learners. Differentiating Model of giftedness and Talent by Gagne. Addressing specially abled learners in an inclusive classroom: Ability grouping, Pedagogy strategies, changing the learning environment, differentiating content, differentiating processes, differentiating products.

In this video, we will learn about How Children Learn and Think. By watching this video, you will learn: How children think and learn. Basis of Thinking Processes in children: Manifestation, imagination, Concepts, Experience, Interest, Imitation and Logic and Reasoning. Reasoning: Inductive and Deductive. Steps to improve the thinking in the children. Theories of learning in children: Trial and Error theory by Edward Thorndike: Law of readiness, law of Exercise and law of effect. Children’s failure in school. Solutions to tackle with the children in case of failure and how to avoid failure.

In this video, we will learn about Basic processes of teaching and learning. By watching this video, you will learn: Meaning and the concept of Teaching. Different teaching skills given by different educationists. The process of teaching and learning: Defining the purpose, analyzing the problem, gathering the data, motivation and reinforcement, stimulation and revision and practice. Methods of Teaching and Learning: telling method, project method, visual method and mental method. Strategies of Teaching: Autocratic Teaching strategy: Story telling method, lecture method, demonstration method and tutorial method; Democratic teaching strategy: Discussion method, heuristic method, discovery method, project method, brain storming method and role-playing method. Concept of Micro teaching and process of micro teaching.

In this video, we will learn about Child as a problem solver and as a scientific investigator. By watching this video, you will learn: Concept of problem Solving and its elements: problem, target and steps towards target. Steps to be followed in problem-solving. Types of problems: Ill-structured problem and Well-structured problems. Strategies to be adopted during the classroom for problem solving. Child as a problem solver: Traits to be developed in a child as a problem-solver. Child as a scientific investigator: traits to be developed to make a child as a scientific investigator.

Concept of Learning and its features. Types of Learning: Formal and informal learning. Alternative conceptions of learning: Behaviorist and Cognitive theories of learning. Thorndike’s Theory of trial-and-error learning and educational importance of the theory. Education importance of Classical Conditioning of Experiential learning by Karl Rogers. Classical Conditioning Theory of Pavlov and educational Importance of classical conditioning theory. Conditioning theory of BF Skinner and its educational importance. Insight Theory of Kohler. Lewin’s Field Theory of Learning. Social Learning theory by Bandura and its educational importance. Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy of Cognitive Learning.

In this lecture, we will learn about Cognition and Emotion. By watching this video, you will learn: Concept of Cognition and its components: Perception, Attention, Memory, Thought, Language and Learning. Cognitive Development in Children: Four stages of Cognitive development given by Piaget: Sensori-motor stage, pre-operational stage, Concrete Operational Stage and Formal Operational Stage. Concept of Emotions. Nature of Emotions. Types of Emotions. Features of Emotions. Components/ Factors of Emotions: Physical Change, Changes in Behavior and emotional expressions, emotional feelings. Importance of emotions in education.

In this lecture, we will learn about Motivation and Learning. By watching this video, you will learn: Concept of Motivation. Types of Motivation: Positive Motivation and negative Motivation; Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. Characteristics of Motivation. Principles of Motivation in Learning. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Physiological needs, Security Needs, Social Needs, Self-Esteem Needs and Self-Actualization Needs. Suggestions for application to education. Motivation and Learning. Importance of motivation for teachers. Important suggestions to keep students motivated for learning.

In this lecture, we will learn about National Curriculum framework. By watching this video, you will learn: Introduction to National Curriculum Framework, 2005 What and How to children? Implications of Curriculum and five guiding principles for curriculum development. Areas of national Curriculum Framework: Perspective, learning and Knowledge, Curriculum areas, school stages and assessment and systemic reform. 5 key goals of National Curriculum framework.

In this lecture we will study the MCQ’s on concept of Development and its relationship with learning. By watching this video, you will learn: The concept of Development and its features. Types of Development: Physical Development, Cognitive development, Social and Environmental Development, Language Development and Moral Development. Stages of Child Development: Stages of Infancy, Pre-schoolers, School age children and Adolescents. The concept of the Growth and difference between Growth and Development. The factors responsible for the growth and development of the students. The concept of learning and its relationship development.

In this lecture we will study the MCQ’s of Principles of the Child Development. By watching this video, you will learn: The concept of the child development and the elements of the child development. The principal features of the pattern and process of growth and development and the principles of the child development. Concept of Cephalocaudal and Proximodistal Sequence of growth and development. The educational importance of the Principles of Child Development. The factors influencing the Child Development from the ongoing process of birth until reaching the adulthood: Internal factors as well as External factors.

In this lecture we will practice MCQ’s on the Influence of Heredity and Development on the learning process and behavioral tendencies of the child. By watching this video, you will learn: The concept of the Heredity. The principles of Heredity. The role of the heredity and the environment in the growth and development of the child. The physical traits and the mental traits responsible for the growth and development of the child. The laws of the heredity: Like produces like, only certain traits are transformed and convergence of the two lives. Effects of the Heredity on Physical Characteristics, Intelligence and Character. Importance or Significance of Heredity for education and in teaching-learning process. The concept of the environment and the effects of the environment on physical dissimilarities, superiority of races, personality, mental growth and multiple effects on growing children.

In this lecture we will practice MCQ’s on the Socialization process and its role in the growth and development of the child. By watching this video, you will learn: Concept of socialization. Theories of Socialization: Looking Glass Self Theory by Charles Horton Cooley, Social Self Theory by George Herbert Mead, Ecological Systems Theory by Bronfenbrenner and Theory of Mind. Relationship between Socialization and Education of the child. Types of Socialization: Primary and Secondary. The factors affecting socialization consisting of Social Interaction, Identification and Language. Stages of the Socialization by Eric Erikson. Agents of Socialization. Role of Play in the Socialisation and the Historical aspects of Play in the Socialisation and social development of children.

In this lecture we will practice MCQ’s on the Piaget theory of Cognitive Development, Kohlberg Theory of Moral Development and Vygotsky theory of Socio-Cultural Development. By watching this video, you will learn: Piaget’ Theory of Cognitive Development: Schemas; Stages of development: Assimilation, Accommodation and Equilibration or Disequilibration; Stages of Development: Sensori-Motor Stage, Pre-Operational Stage, Concrete operational Stage and Formal Operational Stage. Kohlberg’s theory of Moral development: Levels of Moral development: Pre-Conventional, Conventional and Post-Conventional; Six Stages of Development. Vygotsky’s theory of Socio-Cultural development: Concept of Zone of Proximal development, Private Speech and Make-Believe Play.

In this lecture we will practice MCQ’s on Child-centered Learning and its Characteristics and Progressive Education. By watching this video, you will learn: Concept of Child-Centered Learning and characteristics. Principles of Child-Centered Learning. Concept of Progressive Education and History. Theories of Progressive Education: Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau’s Theory of Progressive Education, Froebel and John Dewey’s Theory of Progressive Education. Importance of progressive Education. Characteristics and Types of Progressive Education: Humanistic, Constructivist and Montessori School. Differences between Traditional and Progressive Education.

In this lecture, we will practice MCQ’s on Construct on Intelligence and Multiple Intelligence Theory. By watching this video, you will learn: MCQ’s on Concept of Intelligence Multiple Intelligence Theory by Howard Gardner consisting of types of Intelligence. Robert Sternberg (Process Oriented Theory) (Triarchic Theory of Intelligence) Construct of Intelligence and Multi-Dimensional Intelligence: Thurstone Group Factor theory given by Psychologist Louis L Thurstone (Nine Primary Abilities). Guilford’s Tri-Dimensional Theory given by JP Guilford. Multiple Factor theory given by Edward Thorndike. Five Mental Abilities Theory given by George Kelly. Features of Intelligence. Measurement of Intelligence Tests: Stanford-Binet Intelligence test and Wechsler Intelligence test.

In this lecture, we will practice MCQ’s on the concept of Language and Thought. By watching this video, you will learn: Concept of Language and its features. Elements of Language: Phonology, Semantics, Grammar and Pragmatics. Factors affecting language development. Importance of language. Theories of language development: Language Acquisition and environmental Theories by BF Skinner. Nativist theory by Noam Chomsky. Stages of Language Development. Concept of Thought and Features of thought. Language and thought are independent. Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Linguistic determinism and Linguistic relativity. Elements of Thoughts: Purpose, question at issue, Information, Interpretation and Inference, Concepts, Assumptions, implications and consequences and point of views.

In this lecture, we will practice MCQ’s on gender issues in social construct. By watching this video, you will learn: Evolution of Gender as a social construct, Social Construction of Gender. Different types of Gender Roles, Gender Socialisation, Gender Stereotypes, Gender Discrimination. Gender Bias in Schools: Gender biases prevailing in Curriculum and Pedagogy and their effects. Gender Bias in Curriculum. Education as a method for reducing gender bias. How do we avoid Gender Stereotypes in school? Gender Responsive pedagogy.

In this lecture, we will practice MCQ’s on Evaluation of Learning. By watching this video, you will learn: Concept of Evaluation, Assessment and Measurement Differences between the Evaluation and the Assessment. Methods of Evaluation: Norm referenced evaluation and Criterion referenced evaluation. Necessity of evaluation of education in schools. Types of assessment: Formative assessment and Summative Assessment. Difference between Assessment for Learning and Assessment of Learning and Assessment as Learning. Concept of School based assessment. Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation: Perspective of Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation, Scholastic and Co-scholastic domains and actual practice.

In this lecture, we will practice MCQ’s on the Evaluation of achievement and formation of questions. By watching this video, you will learn: Meaning of the achievement of the learner. Factors governing the achievement of learner: Bio-social, Affective and environmental. Evaluate achievement by aligning to learning outcomes. Concept of Diagnostic Tests: Qualities of diagnostic tests: Validity and Reliability. Validity: Content, Criterion and Construct. Reliability: Stability and Alternate form. Types of Assessment Tasks. Formulating Appropriate Questions. Assessing Readiness Levels of Learners: Readiness to Learn. What can be assessed: Readiness, Interest and Learning Profile. Enhancing Learning and Critical Thinking in the classroom. 6 Keys to Critical Thinking. Assessing the achievement of the learner.

In this lecture we will practice MCQ’s on Inclusive Education and addressing children from diverse backgrounds. By watching this video, you will learn: Concept of Inclusive education and history of inclusive education in India. Implications of Inclusive Education. Principles of Inclusive Education and purposes and need of inclusive education. Understanding the children with special needs. Learners from diverse backgrounds, Disadvantaged and Deprived Learners. Different types of methods of Inclusion: Improvement of pedagogy and improvement in language in instruction.

In this lecture, we will practice MCQ’s on Identifying and addressing disabled and learning disability children. By watching this video, you will learn: Meaning of disability and kinds of impairments. Methods of identifying and addressing disabled learners: Visually disabled, aurally disabled, physically disabled. Language and other learning disabled: Speaking, Listening, Reading, Writing, Language, Logical and mathematical Ability, motor abilities and intellectually disabled. Different degrees of intellectually disabled: mild, Moderate, severe and Profound. Addressing the intellectual disability.

In this video, we will practice MCQ’s on Identifying and Addressing the talented, creative and special abled children. By watching this video, you will learn: Introduction of specially abled children. Characteristics of Gifted and Talented learners: indicators of mathematical giftedness and indicators of scientific giftedness. Level of ability of gifted and talented children. Characteristics of creative learners: Suggested by educational psychologist EP Torrance: Fluency, Flexibility, originality and Elaboration. Considerations in identification of gifted, talented and creative learners. Differentiating Model of giftedness and Talent by Gagne. Addressing specially abled learners in an inclusive classroom: Ability grouping, Pedagogy strategies, changing the learning environment, differentiating content, differentiating processes, differentiating products.

In this video, we will practice MCQ’s on How Children Learn and Think. By watching this video, you will learn: How children think and learn. Basis of Thinking Processes in children: Manifestation, imagination, Concepts, Experience, Interest, Imitation and Logic and Reasoning. Reasoning: Inductive and Deductive. Steps to improve the thinking in the children. Theories of learning in children: Trial and Error theory by Edward Thorndike: Law of readiness, law of Exercise and law of effect. Children’s failure in school. Solutions to tackle with the children in case of failure and how to avoid failure.

In this video, we will practice MCQ’s on Basic processes of teaching and learning. By watching this video, you will learn: Meaning and the concept of Teaching. Different teaching skills given by different educationists. The process of teaching and learning: Defining the purpose, analyzing the problem, gathering the data, motivation and reinforcement, stimulation and revision and practice. Methods of Teaching and Learning: telling method, project method, visual method and mental method. Strategies of Teaching: Autocratic Teaching strategy: Story telling method, lecture method, demonstration method and tutorial method; Democratic teaching strategy: Discussion method, heuristic method, discovery method, project method, brain storming method and role-playing method. Concept of Micro teaching and process of micro teaching.

In this video, we will practice MCQ’s on Child as a problem solver and as a scientific investigator. By watching this video, you will learn: Concept of problem Solving and its elements: problem, target and steps towards target. Steps to be followed in problem-solving. Types of problems: Ill-structured problem and Well-structured problems. Strategies to be adopted during the classroom for problem solving. Child as a problem solver: Traits to be developed in a child as a problem-solver. Child as a scientific investigator: traits to be developed to make a child as a scientific investigator.

In this lecture, we will practice MCQ’s on Alternative Conceptions of Learning in the Children. By watching this video, you will learn: Concept of Learning and its features. Types of Learning: Formal and informal learning. Alternative conceptions of learning: Behaviorist and Cognitive theories of learning. Thorndike’s Theory of trial-and-error learning and educational importance of the theory. Education importance of Classical Conditioning of Experiential learning by Karl Rogers. Classical Conditioning Theory of Pavlov and educational Importance of classical conditioning theory. Conditioning theory of BF Skinner and its educational importance. Insight Theory of Kohler. Lewin’s Field Theory of Learning. Social Learning theory by Bandura and its educational importance. Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy of Cognitive Learning.

In this lecture, we will practice MCQ’s on Cognition and Emotion. By watching this video, you will learn: Concept of Cognition and its components: Perception, Attention, Memory, Thought, Language and Learning. Cognitive Development in Children: Four stages of Cognitive development given by Piaget: Sensori-motor stage, pre-operational stage, Concrete Operational Stage and Formal Operational Stage. Concept of Emotions. Nature of Emotions. Types of Emotions. Features of Emotions. Components/ Factors of Emotions: Physical Change, Changes in Behavior and emotional expressions, emotional feelings. Importance of emotions in education.

In this lecture, we will practice MCQ’s on Motivation and Learning. By watching this video, you will learn: Concept of Motivation. Types of Motivation: Positive Motivation and negative Motivation; Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. Characteristics of Motivation. Principles of Motivation in Learning. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Physiological needs, Security Needs, Social Needs, Self-Esteem Needs and Self-Actualization Needs. Suggestions for application to education. Motivation and Learning. Importance of motivation for teachers. Important suggestions to keep students motivated for learning.

In this lecture, we will practice MCQ’s on National Curriculum framework. By watching this video, you will learn: Introduction to National Curriculum Framework, 2005 What and How to teach children? Implications of Curriculum and five guiding principles for curriculum development. Areas of national Curriculum Framework: Perspective, learning and Knowledge, Curriculum areas, school stages and assessment and systemic reform. 5 key goals of National Curriculum framework.

Simple Interest Description: Simple interest is the interest given on a certain sum known as Prinicipal on certain rate % for certain time period (years). Formula to calculate simple interest (S.I.) is: P*R*T/100 Now, Amount is the sum of Principal and Simple Interest for certain time period. Simple interest basically calculated per annum that is yearly. This chapter has its own significance as from arithmetic part simple interest usually asked in exam as it carries weightage of 2- 3marks in every competitive exam (CTET/PSTET and other competitive exams). There are 10 important mcqs based on simple interest given below for more practice . 1. In how many years will sum of rs 3000 yield a simple interest of rs 1080 at 12% per annum. a) 3 b) 2 ½ c) 2 d) 3 ½ Answer: a 2. Shilpa deposited same amount of money in two different banks, which pay simple interest at the rate of 10% and 12% respectively. After 3yr total interest received by her is rs 3300. The total amount deposited is : a) Rs 10000 b) Rs 11000 c) Rs 12000 d) Rs 12250 Answer: a 3. Riya invested sum of money at annual simple interest rate of 10%. At the end of 4 yr, the amount invested plus interest earned was Rs 770. The amount invested was: a) Rs 650 b) Rs 350 c) Rs 550 d) Rs 500 Answer: c 4. Rs 1000 is invested at 5% per annum simple interest. If the interest is added to the Principal after every 10 yr, the amount will become rs 2000 after: a) 15 yr b) 18 yr c) 20 yr d) 16 2/3 yr Answer: d 5. The difference between the simple interest received from two different banks on rs 500 in 2 yr is Rs 2.5. The difference between their per annum rates of interest is : a) 0.10% b) 0.25% c) 0.50% d) 1.00% Answer: b 6. A sum on simple interest becomes 7/2 times of itself in ten years, find the rate of interest. (a) 20% (b) 18% (c) 10% (d) 25% Answer: d 7. Simple interest on a certain sum at the rate of 16 2/3 % per annum for three years is Rs 1250. Find the sum. a) Rs 2500 b) Rs 2400 c) Rs 3000 d) Rs 3500 Answer: a 8. A sum of Rs 1400 becomes Rs 2408 in 8 yrs at simple interest, then find the rate of interest for last 4 yrs,if the interest rate for 1st 4 yrs is 12% per annum ? (a) 8 % (b) 10 % (c) 6% (d) 4 % Answer: c 9. Rs 6000 becomes Rs 7200 in 4 yr at a certain rate of simple interest. If the rate becomes 1.5 times of itself, the amount of the same principal in 5 yr will be: a) Rs 8000 b) Rs 8250 c) Rs 9250 d) Rs 9000 Answer: b 10. Equal sum of money are lent to X and Y at 7.5% per annum for the period of 4 yr and 5 yr respectively. If the difference in interest paid by them was Rs 150, the sum lent to each was: a) Rs 500 b) Rs 1000 c) Rs 2000 d) Rs 3000 Answer: c

Number system System to deal with different types of numbers is termed as "number System'. Number System is amongst the most important Chapter in whole PSTET Syllabus. The students are advised to go through this chapter with utmost care, understanding each and every question based on this topic. It would be good idea to first go through the basic definitions of all types of numbers. Type of numbers Real Numbers -Those numbers which either rational or irrational are known as real numbers eg, 1, -7, √3, π,e etc. It is denoted by R. Real numbers are further classified in two ways, which are follows Rational numbers Numbers which are expressed in the form of p/q, where p , q are integers and q≠0 e.g. 2, 3/7, -3. etc. It is denoted by Q Irrationals numbers Those numbers which cannot be expressed in the form of p/q where p,q are integers and q≠0 are known as irrational numbers e.g. √3, π,e etc. It is denoted by R-Q Natural numbers Counting numbers starting from 1 are called natural numbers . it is denoted by N N={1,2,3……………} Whole numbers Set of natural numbers containing ‘0’ form the set of whole numbers . it is denoted by W Integers The set of all whole numbers along with their negative numbers are integers . it is denoted by I OR Z I = {………..-4,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4…….}

1. Find the product of place value and face value of 5 in 65231. (a) 28000 (b) 25000 (c) 27000 (d) 26000 2. Find the least value of K so that 39 K20 is divisible by 3. (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 5 (d) 2 3. What least value must be given to K so that the number 39 K 0 is divisible by 11? (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 9 (d) 6 4. Find the sum of the first 50 natural numbers. (a) 1275 (b) 1025 (c) 1235 (d) 1205 5. Find the sum of first 50 even numbers. (a) 2550 (b) 2540 (c) 2050 (d) 2060 6. Which of the following is divisible by 15? (a) 3975 (b) 3575 (c) 3970 (d) 3580 7. What least number must be subtracted from 3475 make it divisible by 50? (a) 75 (b) 100 (c) 25 (d) 50 8. How many numbers up to 800 are divisible by 24? (a) 30 (b) 29 (c) 33 (d) 26 9. Find the number nearest divisible by 35. (a) 2535 (b) 2555 (c) 2540 (d) 2560 10. What is the unit digit in (476 × 198 × 359 × 242) ? (a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 2 11. Which is smallest prime number? (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 12. Sum of two numbers is 60 and their difference is 12. Find their product. (a) 864 (b) 852 (c) 824 (d) 836 13. If 4/5 of a number is 36. Find 3/5 of the number. (a) 27 (b) 25 (c) 22 (d) 21 14. If a piece of rod is 3000 m and we have to supply some lamp posts. One post is at each end and distance between two consecutive lamp post is 75 m. Find the one number of posts required. (a) 41 (b) 39 (c) 40 (d) 36 15. Find the unit digit in the expansion of 325^45. (a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 1 (d) 2 16. Find the unit digit in the expansion of 314^48. (a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 2 17. A number when divided by 119 leaves the remainder 19. If the same number is divided by 17, the remainder will be (a) 19 (b) 10 (c) 7 (d) 2 18. Ashok had to do a multiplication. Instead of taking 35 as one of the multipliers, he took 53. As a result, the product went up by 540. What is the new product? (a) 1050 (b) 1590 (c) 1440 (d) None of these 19. Which of the following is a multiple of 88? (a) 1392578 (b) 138204 (c) 1436280 (d) 143616 20. How many integers from 1 to 100 exist such that each is divisible by 5 and also has 5 as a digit? (a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 20

H.C.F AND L.CM. Description : L.C.M or least common multiple of two or more than two number. Eg: LCM of 4 and 14 is 28. There are multiple methods to find the L.C.M of two numbers . one of the easiest way to find LCM of two numbers is prime factorization method. H.C.F or Greatest Common Factor of two numbers is the greatest possible number that can divide all these numbers exactly, without leaving any remainder. Eg: H.C.F of 84 and 126 is 42 Basically, there are two methods of finding H.C.F : a) Factor method b) Division method This topic has its relevance in CTET and PTET exams.

Fraction Description: A fraction represents a part of a whole or, more generally, any number of equal parts. Fraction can also be expressed in rational number form as any number that can be written in the form p/q is a rational number. Example : 5/4 here 5 is numerator and 4 is denominator of a fraction. There are three types of fraction: Proper fraction Improper Fraction Mixed Fraction Further, Fractions can be classified as Like fractions(Denominators are same)and Unlike (Denominators are not same)Fractions. Fraction has its applications in statement questions in CTET and PTET and other competitive exams. 1. 2 3/4 + 1 1/8 is equal to (a) 3 (b) 3 7/8 (c) 4 (d) 3 6/7 2. 1 3/(8 ) × 1 3/4 is equal to (a) 13/32 (b) 2 13/32 (c) 1 13/32 (d) 3 13/32 3. 25.625 × 100 is equal to (a) 256.25 (b) 2562.5 (c) 25625 (d) 256250 4. 75.83 ÷ 1000 is equal to (a) 7.583 (b) 0.7583 (c) 0.07583 (d) 0.007583 5. 5/8+ 3/8 is equal to (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 6. Sarita bought 2/5 m of ribbon and Lalita 3/4 m of ribbon. What is the total length of the ribbon they bought ? 1 m (b) 1 3/20 m 2 m (d) 2 3/20 m 7. Naina gave 1/2 piece of cake to Neha and 1/(3 ) piece of cake to Gunjan, Find what part of cake she has ? (a) 1/6 (b) 5/6 (c) 1/3 (d) 2/3 8. Which one of the following is the least (a) 2/7 (b) 3/8 (c) 5/11 (d) 9/16 9. A, B, C and D purchase a gift worth ₹60. A pays 1/2nd of what others are paying, B pays 1/3rd of what others are paying and C pays 1/4th of what others are paying. What is the amount paid by D? (a) ₹14 (b) ₹15 (c) ₹16 (d) ₹13 10. Ascending order of 10/13, 12/17, 5/6 and 11/21 is (a) 10/13, 12/17, 5/6, 11/21 (b) 11/21, 12/17,10/13,5/6 (c) 5/6,10/13,11/21, 12/17 (d) 5/6,10/13, 12/17, 11/21 Answer key: B B B C B B B A D b

Ratio & Proportion Description: Ratio and proportion is one of the most important topic of maths. Standard form of ratio: a : b or it can be expressed in a/b form. Proportion means when two different ratios balances each other that is , a : b :: c : d Ratio and proportion has its wide application in other topics like percentage , fraction. Also , In exam point of view it carries the weightage of 3-5 marks. This topic is frequently asked in competitive exams like PSTET/CTET etc. There are 10 important mcqs based on Ratio and Proportion. 1. Find the fourth proportional to 3, 6 and 4.5 (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 9 (d) 10 2. If (8x+13y)/(8x-13y) = 9/7 find x : y (a) 13 : 1 (b) 12 : 1 (c) 11 : 1 (d) 10 : 1 3. Find the second proportion of 4 and 9. a) 36 b) 4 c) 2 d) 6 4. The ratio between numbers is 12 : 13. If each number is reduced by 20, the ratio becomes 2 : 3. Find the numbers? a) 24,26 b) 36,39 c) 48, 52 d) 60, 65 5. If 3A=4B=5C, then A : C is a) 5 : 3 b) 3 : 5 c) 3 : 10 d) 4 : 3 6. The ratio of number of males to number of females in a club is 7 :4. If there are 84 males in the club, then the total number of members in the club are: a) 126 b) 132 c) 136 d) 148 7. if 0.25: x :: 5 : 9, then x is equal to a) 6 : 5 b) 6 : 7 c) 11 : 6 d) 13 : 6 8. The degree measure of two unequal angles of isosceles triangle are in the ratio 1 : 3, what is the degree measure of the smallest angle of the triangle? a) 108 degree b) 36 degree c) 45 degree d) 110 degree 9. The difference between two numbers is 18 and their ratio is 1 : 10. What is the value of the smaller number? a) 4 b) 20 c) 8 d) 2 10. What least number must be added to each of the number 6, 15, 20 and 43 to make them proportional (a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6 ANSWER KEY: C A D A A B D A D a

Percentage Description: Percentage is one of the most important topic . Maximum arthimetical calculations can be done using percentage. It is necessary to know the basic concept of percentage. It has wide applications in other topics like Profit and loss, data interpretation, simplifications. On an average 2 -3 questions are being asked on percentage. Percentage can be expressed in fraction form like 25% = ¼ or vice versa. It has further important application like successive percentage concept like : a + b + a*b/100 Percentage is most crucial topic that has been repeatedly asked in competitive exams like CTET/ PSTET and other form of exams. 1. Express 2/5 into percentage? a) 60% b) 80% c) 40% d) 75% 2. 360 gm is what percent of 18 kg? a) 2% b) 20% c) 200% d) 10% 3. Find 25% of 40% of 120 a) 24 b) 40 c) 12 d) 36 4. If X’s salary is 50% more than Y’s salary. Then find Y’s salary is how much percent less than X? a) 33% b) 66.6% c) 33.33% d) 20% 5. The price of an article was first increased by 20% and then decreased by 10%. Find the overall percentage increase or decrease in its value. a) Decrease 8% b) Increase 20% c) Decrease 20% d) Increase 8% 6. If 20% of (P + Q) = 50% of (P - Q), then find P : Q (a) 7 : 8 (b) 7 : 3 (c) 7 : 5 (d) 5 : 7 7. A fruit seller had some apples. He sells 40% apples and still has 420 apples. Originally, he had (a) 588 apples (b) 600 apples (c) 672 apples (d) 700 apples 8. Two students appeared at an examination. One of them secured 9 marks more than the other and his marks was 56% of the sum of their marks. The marks obtained by them. a) 39,30 b) 41, 32 c) 42 , 33 d) 43, 34 9. In an examination, 950 boys and 250 girls appeared. 90% of the boys and 60% of the girls passed the examination. The percentage of candidates failed is (a) 16.25 % (b) 16.75% (c) 16.50% (d) None 10. The length of a rectangular plot is increased by 25%. To keep its area unchanged, the width of the plot should be: (a) kept unchanged (b) increased by 25% (c) increased by 20% (d) reduced by 20% ANSWER: 1. C 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. D

Time and Work Description: Time and work topic is one of the important topic of arithmetic maths. This topic is based on the concept of work allotted is equal to the product of the efficiency ( can be calculated on per min, hours, day) with total time taken to complete the work. In simplified form it can be written as: W = E * T Also when work done is constant or same then , Efficiency is inversely proportional to time taken. When wages are distributed among the persons depends on their indviual efficiency or their contribution towards the completion of work . There are 10 important mcqs based on time and work for practice. 1). A and B can do a piece of work in 6 and 12 days, respectively. They (both) will complete the work in how many days? A). 9 days B). 18 days C). 6 days D). 4 days 2). A and B together can do a piece of work in 12 days, while B alone can do finish it in 30 days. A alone can finish the work in A). 15 days B). 18 days C). 20 days D). 25 days 3). A and B can do a piece of work in 72 days. B and C can do it in 120 days. A and C can do it in 90 days. In what time can A alone do it? A). 80 days B). 100 days C). 120 days d) 150 days 4) 10 men can make a wall in 8 days. How many men required to complete the same work in half day ? A) 80 B) 100 C) 120 D) 160 5). Aand B together can complete a work in 9 days . If A does thrice the work of B in a given time, the time A alone will take to finish the work is: A). 12 B). 6 C). 8 D). 4 6). Ram and Sunil can finish a work in 8 and 16 hours respectively. If they work at it alternatively for an hour Ram beginning first, the work will be finish in. A). 8 3/4 hours B). 10 2/3 hours C). 10 1/2 hours D). 11 2/3 hours 7). A can do a piece of work in 12 days and B in 15 days. They work together for 5 days and then B left. The days taken by A to finish the remaining work? A). 3 B). 5 C). 10 D). 12 8). A and B can do a job in 6 and 12 days respectively. They began the work together but A leaves after 3 days. Then the total number of days needed for the completion of the work is: A). 4 days B). 5 days C). 6 days d). 9 days 9). A and B can do piece of work together in 10 days. A alone can do it in 30 days. The time in which B alone can do it is: A). 10 days B). 12 days C). 15 days D). 20 days 10). A can do a certain work in 12 days. B is 60% more efficient than A. How many days will B and A together take to do the same job? A). 80/13 days B). 70/13 days C). 75/13 days D). 60/13 days ANSWER KEY: 1. D 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. C 10. d

Profit and Loss Description: Profit and Loss is one of the most important topic of competitive exams like CTET/ PTET . It has two important variables on whose profit and loss is calculated , Cost price ( price on which article is bought) and Selling Price( price on which article is sold). Profit = S.P. – C.P. Loss = C.P. – S.P. P% = P/C.P. *100 L% = L/C.P. *100 Discount = M.P. – S.P. Discount % = D/ M.P. * 100 In entrance exams this topic plays a crucial role in determining the selection of an aspirant. On an average 3-4 questions are asked in each competitive exam like : CTET, PSTET, Banking, SSC etc. 1. A watch costing Rs. 250 has been sold for Rs. 300. The percentage profit was (a) 20% (b) 25% (c) 10% (d) 15% 2. A Chair costing Rs. 400 has been sold for Rs. 300. The Percentage loss was (a) 20% (b) 25% (c) 15% (d) 10% 3. A man buys pencils at 10 for Rs. 3 and sells at 8 for Rs. 3 His gain percentage is (a) 20% (b) 25% (c) 30% (d) 27% 4. If SP= Rs. 84, % gain = 20%, then CP is (a) Rs. 60 (b) Rs. 65 (c) Rs. 70 (d) Rs. 75 5. A trader sells all his articles at the CP but gives 10% less amount as he should have given. What is his Percentage profit? (a) 10 1/3 % (b) 11 1/6 % (c) 10 1/9 % (d) 11 1/9 % 6. By selling 18 chocolates, a vendor Loses the selling price of 2 chocolates. Find his loss percentage (a) 10% (b) 15 % (c) 10 1/3 % (d) 15 1/4 % 7. On selling an article for Rs. 64 , loss 20%. In order to gain 20% what should be the selling price? (a) Rs. 96 (b) Rs. 98 (c) Rs. 94 (d) Rs. 99 8. A man buys 12 article for Rs. 10 and sells 10 articles for Rs. 12. Find his profit or loss per cent. (a) 42% gain [b] 44% gain (c) 42% loss (d) 44% loss 9. An article marked at Rs. 75 is sold for Rs. 72. What is the rate of discount ? (a) 4 % (b) 3% (c) 2 1/2 % (d) 5 1/2 % 10. A man sells 16 mangoes at a cost price of 20 mangoes, then percentage of his gain is (a) 18 % (b) 20% (c) 25 % (d) 16 % ANSWER KEY: A B B C D A A B A C

DATA HANDLING Data handling topic deals with study of data in an organised way . There are different ways to study data whereas data when information is being organised in a certain way. 1. Finding the mean , mode and median of data. 2. Data can be study in the form of graphs like : Bar graph, Line graph, Pie Chart and Histogram Data handling is the most scoring topic in exams like PSTET/ CTET and other sort of competitive exams. Directions:- (Q. No. 1-2) Study the information given carefully and answer the questions based on it. A survey was made to find the type of music that certain group of young people a liked in the city. 1. If 20 people liked classical music, then how many young people were surveyed? (a) 100 (b) 250 (c) 150 (d) 200 Answer:- 2. Which type of music is liked by the maximum number of peoples? (a) Light (b) Classical (c) Folk (d) Semi-classical Directions (Q.Nos.3-5) Observe the histogram and answer the questions given below. 3. Which groups contain minimum girls? (a) (130-135) and (155-160) (b) (125-130) and (155-160) (c) (125-130) and (135-140) (d) (135-140) and (155-160) Answer:- 4. Which group contains maximumgirls? (a) (140-145) (b) (135-140) (c) (130-135) (d) (145-150) Answer:- 5. How many girls have a height of145 cm and more? (a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 53r4r4 (d) 2 6) The mean of x+2, x+3, x+4 and x-2 is: a. (x+7)/4 b. (2x+7)/4 c. (3x+7)/4 d. (4x+7)/4 7) The median of the data: 155, 160, 145, 149, 150, 147, 152, 144, 148 is a. 149 b. 150 c. 147 d. 144 8) What is the class mark of the class interval 90-120? a. 90 b. 105 c. 115 d. 120 Direction (Q. Nos. 9-10) bar graph given below shows the sales of books (in thousand number) from six branches of a publishing company during two consecutive years 2000 and 2001. Sales of Books (in thousand numbers) from Six Branches - B1, B2, B3, B4, B5 and B6 of a publishing Company in 2000 and 2001. 9. What is the ratio of the total sales of branch B2 for both years to the total sales of branch B4 for both years? A. 2:3 B. 3:5 C. 4:5 D. 7:9 10. Total sales of branch B6 for both the years is what percent of the total sales of branches B3 for both the years? A. 68.54% B. 71.11% C. 73.17% D. 75.55% ANSWER KEY: 1. D 2. A 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. C

GEOMETRY Geometry is the most important topic of maths section in PSTET. Geometry can be defined as the study of shapes. Plane Geometry is related to the properties and relation of plane figures, such as angles, triangles, other polygons and circles. Line is defined by its length but has no breadth. A line contains infinite points. Through a given point , there passes infinite lines. Line Segment is the part of the line that contains two points and all points between them. The two points are called end points. Ray is a line segment when extended infinitely in one direction Parallel lines Two lines in the same plane are said to be parallel, if they never meet. Transversal is a line which cuts a pair of parallel is called a transversal. In the above figure, 1 = 5 , 2 = 6, 3 = 7, 4 = 8 are corresponding angle 1 = 8 , 2 = 7 , 4 = 5 , 3 = 6 are alternate angles 3+5 = 180 degree (sum of co interior angles is supplementry) 1. The sum of two opposite angles of a parallelogram is 130°. Find all the angles of parallelogram. (a) 65°, 65°, 115, 115° (b) 145°, 135°, 35°, 45° (c) 90°, 130°, 80°, 60° (d) 40°, 140°, 80°, 110° 2. If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral with ∠A = 50°, ∠B = 80°, then ∠C and ∠D are (a) 130°, 100° (b) 115°, 115° (c) 110°, 120° (d) 130°, 100° 3. find the supplement of the angle 4/5 of 90 degree a)72 b)108 c) 80 d)45 4. Two lines intersect a) at a point b) in a line c) at an infinite number of points d) at two points 5. In a AABC, ∠A - ∠B = 20°, ∠B - ∠C = 32°. Then the, ∠A is (a) 84° (b) 90° (c) 75° (d) 80° 6. If all angles of triangle are equal, then each of them is equal to a) 90 b) 80 c) 60 d) 50 7. In a triangle, an exterior angle at a vertex is 95° and its one of the interior opposite angle is 55°, then the measure of the other interior angle is (a) 55° (b) 85° (c) 40° (d) 9.0° 8. In the figure, x + y = (a) 270 (b) 230 (c) 210 (d) 190° 9..In the following figure, tell which pair of angles are not corresponding angles? (a) ∠1, ∠5 (b) ∠2, ∠6 (c) ∠3, ∠7 (d) ∠3, ∠5 10. Find the value of x in the following figure, if l || m. (a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) none of these ANSWER KEY: 1. A 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. C 8. B 9. D 10. C

Measurement and Units Description: Measurement and units is an basic topic of maths that deals with conversion of units that helps in further topic like Mensuration. Conversion of units deals with vast set of measurements like : Length , Time , Money , Weight , Temprature etc. For example: Basic units of length are – millimeter(mm), metre(m) and cm . Some other conversions of length include inch, foot, yard etc. Basic units of Temprature are – Celsius and Fahrenheit So, These conversion are very important from perspective especially in exams like: CTET/ PSTET.

AREAS OF TWO DIMENSIONAL SHAPES This topic deals with areas of two dimensional shapes. 2 Dimensional shapes are those shapes that have only two dimensions that is: Length (l) and breadth(b) are dimensions of Rectangle. Perimeter is the total length of all sides of shapes. Following are certain two dimension shapes along with their important formulas: • RECTANGLE: Perimeter= 2*(l+b) and Area = l*b • SQUARE: Perimeter = 4 * side and Area = (Side)2 as all sides of square are equal • TRIANGLE: a) SCALENE TRIANGLE: PERIMETER = Sum of all sides of triangle and area using heron’ formula , sqrt s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c) b) EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE: PERIMETER= 3 * side and Area = sqrt3/4* (side)2 and height = sqrt3/2 * side • CIRCLE: Circumference = 2*π*r and Area= πr2 • SEMI -CIRCLE: Circumference= πr +2r and Area= ½ πr2

AREAS and VOLUME OF THREE DIMENSIONAL SHAPES This topic deals with areas and area of three dimensional shapes. 3 Dimensional shapes are those shapes that have three dimensions that is: Length (l) ,breadth(b) and height(h) are dimensions of Cuboid. Following are important 3- dimensional shapes along with formulas: • CUBOID: a) Curved Surface area/ Lateral Surface / Area of four walls = 2*(l+b)*h b) Total Surface area: 2*(l*b + b*h + h*l) c) Volume: l*b*h • CUBE: a) Curved Surface area= 4 *(side)2 b) Total Surface Area = 6 * (side)2 c) Volume = (side)3 • Cylinder: Curved Surface Area = 2*π*r*h b) Total Surface Area= = 2*π*r*(h+r) c) Volume = π * r2 * h • Cone: a) Curved Surface Area = π *r*l , where l is slant height b) Total Surface Area = π *r*(l+r) c) Volume = 1/3*π * r2 * h • Sphere: a) Area = 4*π*r2 b) Volume = 4/3 *π* r3 • Hemisphere: a) Curved Surface Area= 2*π*r2 b) Total Surface Area= 3*π*r2 c) Volume= 2/3 *π* r3

SHAPES AND SPATIAL UNDERSTANDING SOLIDS AROUND US Mathematics is an equally important section for CTET/PTET/UPTET Exams and has even more importance in some other exams conducted by central or state government. Generally, there are questions asked related to basic concepts and properties of the Shapes And Spatial Understanding. At least 2-3 questions are asked from geometry topic in most of the teaching exams. We wish you all the best of luck to come over the fear of the Mathematics section. Spatial Understanding is an understanding of shape, size, position, direction, and movement – being able to describe and classify the physical world we live in. Later on in school, this is referred to as 'geometry.

Food and health All living organisms require food to survive Nutrients–Substances which help our body to grow, function properly and to stay healthy. The five components of food include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals Energy giving foods: Carbohydrates

FAMILY AND FRIENDS FAMILY: Family is a group of people related by blood, affinity and co-residence. In a family, there exist a feeling of love, cooperation, attachment and care among the members. It plays a vital role in shaping the individual's social life and it is the place where human first learn to live collectively. Family is the basic unit of the society. FRIENDS: "A person with whom one has a bond of mutual affection, typically one exclusive of sexual or family relations". As we go through life, we have the opportunity to meet a variety of different people but few become friends.True friend shares joy and sorrow, stands with him in difficult circumstances and tries to protect in all the situations. Friends have mutual respect for each other. Relation between the friends is called friendship.

ANIMALS ANIMALS:In our surrounding, we find different type of animals ranging from mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibian, insects and many other smaller forms. Animals may live on land or in water or fly in air depending upon its ability and nature. Animals are capable of movement and they move from place to another. Animals have different feeding habits it one may be carnivores, herbivores or omnivores. It has varied kind of senses and it can see, hear, taste, smell and feel. Animals reproduce and produce their offspring by different mode of reproduction, different animals have specific mode of reproduction depending upon its nature. In animals breathing and circulatory system are differently developed. Circulatory system, heart, breathing and lungs are most developed in mammals.

PLANTS PLANTS:Plants are mostly multicellular organisms however, few unicellular organism like algae are also considered as plants. So, we can say term plant is very broad and it includes single celled algae to flower and fruit bearing trees. Plants may be terrestrial or aquatic, plants which are present on the land surface is called terrestrial plant while the plant which floats, submerged or remain suspended in water is called aquatic plants.

Food and health All living organisms require food to survive Nutrients–Substances which help our body to grow, function properly and to stay healthy. The five components of food include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals Energy giving foods: Carbohydrates Fats: Stored in the body and can be used later by the body for energy Body building foods: Proteins Protective food: Vitamins Water and roughage Water is required by all living beings to survive Balanced diet –A diet that contains all the necessary nutrients required by our body in a balanced amount along with roughage and water. It varies from person to person based on age, gender and body size. Wrongly cooked food and incorrect storage of food makes the food lose its nutrients

Shelter is the place where animal and human lives. Shelter provides protection from weather and any kind of danger. It provides the place where animal and human can rest safely and carry their usual developmental activities. Shelter also provides the place for privacy and facilities for storing the belongings. Animals and human can make specific places as their shelter temporarily or permanently. Some animals and human change their shelter regularly after sometime. Animals may live in a group or monotonous and depending upon its choice it forms its shelter collectively or individually.

Water Water is renewable resource which is essential for sustenance of life. It covers 3/4thof the Earth's surface. Of the total water present in hydrosphere 97% is present in oceans which is not utilisable by living beings. Only 3% water is fresh water. Among this 3%, 72.2% is stored in glaciers and ice caps (frozen), 22.4% is ground water and soil moisture. Remaining 0.36% is found in lakes, rivers, streams and swamps. Properties of Water • Pure water is transparent, colourless, odourless and tasteless. Water takes up the colour, odour and taste of the substance that dissolves in it. • Water has no definite shape as mostly it is present in liquid form. Water takes the shape of vessels in which it is stored. • Water is a universal solvent. It has capacity to dissolve variety of different substances of all the known liquid water is the best solvent.

Travel Travel or journey can be defined as movement of individual or group due to any specific purpose from one place to another. Term travel is used for movement of human being while term transport is used for movement of goods from one place to another.

Microorganisms Microorganisms are very small organisms that they cannot be seen with naked eyes. They can be seen under a microscope. These include a number of varieties such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa, etc. These microbes can be friends or foe to human beings. Microorganisms are omnipotent i.e; they are present everywhere, in air, in water, in soil and in the body of living organisms. Some microorganisms can tolerate extreme conditions like a place as hot as boiling water, or a place as cold as ice. Some microorganisms are found alone, while the others are found in colonies.

Microorganisms Microorganisms are very small organisms that they cannot be seen with naked eyes. They can be seen under a microscope. These include a number of varieties such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa, etc. These microbes can be friends or foe to human beings. Microorganisms are omnipotent i.e; they are present everywhere, in air, in water, in soil and in the body of living organisms. Some microorganisms can tolerate extreme conditions like a place as hot as boiling water, or a place as cold as ice. Some microorganisms are found alone, while the others are found in colonies.

Microorganisms Microorganisms are very small organisms that they cannot be seen with naked eyes. They can be seen under a microscope. These include a number of varieties such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa, etc. These microbes can be friends or foe to human beings. Microorganisms are omnipotent i.e; they are present everywhere, in air, in water, in soil and in the body of living organisms. Some microorganisms can tolerate extreme conditions like a place as hot as boiling water, or a place as cold as ice. Some microorganisms are found alone, while the others are found in colonies.

Biodiversity Different kind of animals, plants and micro-organisms are living on the Earth. This variety of all living organism comprises the biodiversity.Animals and plants whose number has been reduced to abysmally low and they are facing threat of being lost from the environment, such animals or plants are called endangered animals or plants.International Organisation IUCN (“International Union of Conservation of nature”) gathers all information regarding worlds animals and plants and promote the conservation activities of animals and plants.